Two questions about ownership: whose money built Romania's foreign-owned companies, and who lends to the state. The answers come from Eurostat, with the source on every figure.
Foreign direct investment in Romania, in total: 120.1 bn € (2024)
Ultimate owners. A German group may own its Romanian subsidiary through a holding company in the Netherlands. Counted by the immediate investor, the money would look Dutch; this page follows it to the ultimate owner, as Eurostat reports it. “Romania” in the list is Romanian money that went abroad and came back as foreign investment.
The stock, not the flow. These are the investments accumulated at the end of each year, at book value — what foreign owners hold, not what came in that year (for that, see Flows).
Who lends to the state. Government debt is held by banks, pension funds and insurers, households buying government bonds, the central bank, and investors abroad. The larger the share held abroad, the more the state depends on foreign investors’ confidence — and on the rating agencies they follow.
Coming next: the state as owner. The state’s stakes in listed companies — Hidroelectrica, Romgaz, Nuclearelectrica and others — with their market value. That needs a data agreement with the Bucharest Stock Exchange.